Hello World!

What would the output of the following pseudocode be?

print("Hello123")

Hello World!

What would the output of the following pseudocode be?

print("Hello 12 3")

Hello World!

What would the output of the following pseudocode be?

print("Hello 123")

Hello World!

What would the output of the following pseudocode be?

print("Hello", 123)

Hello World!

What would the output of the following pseudocode be?

print("Code", "Fez", "is", "awesome")

Variables

What would the output of the following pseudocode be?

name = "CodeFez"
print(name)

Variables

What would the output of the following pseudocode be?

name = "CodeFez"
adjective = "Cool!"
print(name + " " + adjective)

Variables

What would the output of the following pseudocode be?

name = "CodeFez"
num = "4"
string = "eva!"
print(name + " " + num + " " + string)

Variables

The output line below needs correcting. Can you spot the error and fix it?

name = "CodeFez"
num = 4
string = "eva!"
print(name + " " + num + " " + string)

Variables

The output line below needs correcting. Can you spot the error and fix it?

name = "CodeFez"
num = 91
num2 = "1! "
string = "Somebody call "
string2 = " is too cool!"
print(string + int(num) + num2 + name + string2)

If Statements

What will be the result of the output from this code?

age = 15
if age > 18
   print("You are an adult.")
else
   print("You are not an adult.")
endif

Else If Statements

Line 6 is missing from the pseudocode below. Can you spot the error and fix it? Users must achieve a score of 50 and above to achieve a C.
Write the missing line in the input box below and click "Check Answer" to see if you are correct!

score = 15
if score >= 80
   print("You got an A!")
else if score >= 70
   print("You got a B!")

   print("You got a C!")
else
   print("You failed the test.")
endif

Else If Statements & Boolean Operators

The solution below compares more than one condition. Can you add the missing line?
Write the missing line in the input box below and click "Check Answer" to see if you are correct!

alarm_armed = True
door_open = False
window_open = False
if alarm_armed == True and (door_open == False or window_open == False)
   print("Alarm is not triggered!")
???
   print("Alarm is triggered!")  
else
   print("Alarm is not armed!") 
endif

Else If Statements & Boolean Operators

The solution below compares more than one condition. Can you workout what the output is?
Scenario: A high-security vault uses four inputs to determine its status. You must determine if the variable vault_breach evaluates to True or False based on the logic below.
The Inputs:

• authenticated = True (The correct PIN was entered)
• motion_detected = True (Movement inside the vault)
• door_locked = False (The physical bolt is retracted)
• business_hours = False (It is currently 2:00 AM)

if authenticated and business_hours:
    vault_breach = False
else:
    if not door_locked:
        if motion_detected or not authenticated:
            vault_breach = True
        else:
            vault_breach = False
    else:
        vault_breach = False
    endif
endif

Complex Logic: Smart Irrigation

The system needs to decide if sprinklers_on is True or False. Note the use of the not operator and the order of operations.

Inputs:

• moisture_level = 15
• rain_forecasted = True
• manual_override = False
• water_restricted = False

if water_restricted:
    sprinklers_on = False
else if manual_override:
    sprinklers_on = True
else:
    if moisture_level < 20 and not rain_forecasted:
        sprinklers_on = True
    else:
        sprinklers_on = False

For Loops

One of the lines line below needs correcting. Can you spot the error and fix it?

print("The wheels on the bus go")
for i=0 to 5
  print("round and round")
next i

For Loops

One of the lines line below needs correcting. Can you spot the error and fix it?

for i=1 to i=4
  print("The wheels on the bus go")
  for i=0 to 2
    print("round and round")
  next i
next i

For Loops

What will be the result of the last output from this code?

for i=1 to i=3
  print(i + str(" x 5 = ") + i*5)
next i

While Loop: The Countdown

What is the final output printed by this script?

count = 3
while count > 0:
    print("T-minus " + count)
    count = count - 1
endwhile
print("Rocket launched!")

While Loop: The Accumulator

What is the value of total when the loop finishes?

total = 1
while total < 20:
    total = total * 5
endwhile
print(total)

While Loop: Charging Logic

What is the final value of charge when the loop finishes?

charge = 20
is_plugged_in = True

while charge < 80:
    charge = charge + 30
    if charge > 100:
        is_plugged_in = False
    endif
endwhile
print(charge)

Do...Until: Post-Test Logic

In a do...until loop, the code runs before checking the condition. What is the value of score?

score = 6
do
    score = score + 3
until score >= 20
print(score)

Do...Until: Iteration Tracking

How many degrees is the temp when the loop finally stops?

temp = 18
do
    temp = temp + 2
until temp >= 21
print(temp)

Sub-routines: Function Returns

What is the final value of result?

function calculate(num)
    return num * 3
endfunction

x = 10
result = calculate(x)
print(result)

Sub-routines: Variable Scope

What value is printed for score at the end?

score = 50

procedure updateScore(points)
    score = points + 10
endprocedure

updateScore(100)
print(score)

Sub-routines: Nested Calls

What is the output of finalValue(5)?

function double(n)
    return n * 2
endfunction

function finalValue(n)
    return double(n) + 1
endfunction

print(finalValue(5))

Sub-routines: Logic Check

What is the output of checkLevel(85)?

function checkLevel(xp)
    if xp > 80 then
        return "Pass"
    else
        return "Fail"
    endif
endfunction

print(checkLevel(85))

Sub-routines: Variable Scope 2

What value is printed for score at the end?

score = 50

procedure updateScore(points)
    global score = points + 10
endprocedure

updateScore(100)
print(score)

String Handling: Substrings

What is the output of the following code? Remember: .substring(x, i) starts at index x and extracts i characters from the string.

word = "CyberSecurity"
result = word.substring(5, 4)
print(result)

Sub-routines & String Methods

What is the return value of generateID("Skylar", "Gray")?

function generateID(first, last)
    part1 = first.left(3)
    part2 = last.right(2)
    return part2.upper + part1.lower
endfunction

Iterative String Building

What is the final output of this script? Pay close attention to the .right(2) check.

code = "X12"
while code.length < 5:
    code = code + "0"
endwhile

if code.right(2) == "00":
    print("Valid: " + code)
else:
    print("Invalid")
endif

ASCII Conversion

Determine the output. (Given: ASC("A") is 65, ASC("B") is 66).

char1 = "B"
val = ASC(char1) + 2
result = CHR(val)
print(result)

Iteration & Case Sensitivity

How many times is the letter "e" printed in this loop?

sentence = "LevelUp"
count = 0
for i = 0 to sentence.length - 1
    char = sentence.substring(i, 1)
    if char.lower == "e" then
        count = count + 1
    endif
next i
print(count)

String Manipulation

What is the final value of newString?

word = "TEAM"
newString = ""
for i = 0 to 3
    newString = word.substring(i, 1) + newString
next i
print(newString)

Do...Until: String Parsing

What is the final value of buffer?

data = "Pala-Remzi Was Known for his kind heart and bravery."
buffer = ""
i = 0
do
    char = data.substring(i, 1)
    if char != "-":
        buffer = buffer + char
    endif
    i = i + 1
until char == "-"
print(buffer)

Left & Right Methods

What will the following code print?

phrase = "Code"
if phrase.length > 5:
    print(phrase.upper)
else:
    print(phrase.left(2) + phrase.right(1))

Arrays: 0-Indexing

What is the output of the following code?

array colours = ["Blue", "Pink", "Green", "Yellow", "Red"]
print(colours[2])

Arrays: Assignment

What is the value of names[1] at the end of this script?

array names = ["Aria", "Ben", "Caleb"]
names[0] = "muhammad"
names[1] = "Peter"
names[2] = names[0]
print(names[1])

2D Arrays: Coordinates

What is the output of the following code?

array board[3,3]
board[0,0] = "Rook"
board[1,0] = "Pawn"
board[0,1] = "Knight"

print(board[1,0])

Arrays: Iteration

What is the final value of total?

array scores = [2, 4, 6]
total = 0
for i = 0 to 2
    total = total + scores[i]
next i
print(total)

2D Arrays: Logic Search

How many times is "Target Found" printed?

array grid[2,2]
grid[0,0] = 5
grid[0,1] = 10
grid[1,0] = 10
grid[1,1] = 5

for row = 0 to 1
    if grid[row, 1] == 5 then
        print("Target Found")
    endif
next row

File Handling: readLine

What is the output of the code? Check the file tab to see the content.

myFile = open("user.txt")
line = myFile.readLine()
print(line)
myFile.close()

Admin
Password123
Guest

File Handling: readLine

What is the output of the code? Check the file tab to see the content.

f = open("scores.txt")
temp = f.readLine()
score = f.readLine()
f.close()
print(score)

100
80
45

File Handling: Loops

What is the output of the code? Check the file tab to see the content.

count = 0
file = open("data.txt")
while NOT file.endOfFile()
    line = file.readLine()
    count = count + 1
endwhile
print(count)

Apple
Banana
Cherry

File Handling: Loops

What is the output of the code? Check the file tab to see the content.

val = 10
f = open("log.txt")
f.writeLine(val)
f.writeLine(val * 2)
f.close()

File Handling: Loops

What is the output of the code? Check the file tab to see the content.

status = "Not Found"
f = open("inv.txt")
while NOT f.endOfFile()
    if f.readLine() == "CPU" then
        status = "Found"
    endif
endwhile
print(status)

RAM, GPU, CPU

Output 1

Outputting to the screen is done with the print command.

print("Hello, World!")

Should result in the following output:

Key points:

• The print function is used to output text to the screen.
• Text to be printed should be enclosed in quotes.
• print is a function. Functions can take more than arguments by using a comma eg:
  

  print("Hello", "World!")

Output 2

print is a function. Functions can take more than one argument by using a comma.

print("Hello",2, "you.")

Should result in the following output:

Variables

Variables are used to store data in a program.

variable_name = value
name = "Alice"
age = 30
score = 100

Key points:

• The = operator is used to assign a value to a variable.
• Variable names cannot have spaces. You can use an underscore if the name has 2 or more words eg:
  

  shoe_size = 5

Variables 2

Variables can be reassigned to different values during the execution of the program.

shoe_size = 5
name = "Alice"
shoe_size = 8
print(shoe_size)

Should result in the following output:

Key points:

• Variables can be reassigned to different values during the execution of the program.
• a variable can be given global scope by using the global keyword. see Sub-routines: Global Variables

Casting Variables

The datatype of a variable can be changed using casting

• str(500) will cast (convert) the integer 500 to "500".
• int("500") will cast (convert) the string "500" to the integer 500.
• float("500.25") will cast (convert) the string "500.25" to the float 500.25.

Output 3

We can join several strings together using the + operator.
This is called concatenation.

print("Hello" + " " + "you.")

Should result in the following output:

We can actually concatenate variables as well.

name = "Alice"
print("Hello, " + name + "!")

Should result in the following output:

Casting Variables 2

We can join several strings together using the + operator.
This is called concatenation.

print("Hello" + " " + "you.")

Should result in the following output:

If we concatenate variables from different datatypes, we need to cast them to strings first.

name = "Alice"
age = 25
print(name + " is " + str(age) + ".")

Should result in the following output:

Input and Output

We can use the input() function to get user input and the print() function to display output.

name = input("What is your name? ")
print("Hello, " + name + "!")

The above code will prompt the user to enter their name and then greet them with a personalized message. For example, if the user enters "Alice", the output will be:

Input and Casting

We can cast the result of input() to a different datatype if needed.

number = int(input("Enter a number to work out the square: "))
print("The square of " + str(number) + " is " + str(number * number) + ".")

The above code will prompt the user to enter a number and then display its square. For example, if the user enters "5", the output will be:

By default, the input() function returns a string, so we need to cast it to an integer using int() before performing the calculation.

String length

We can use the .length method to get the length of a string.

string = "codefez"
print(string.length)

The above code will output the length of the string "codefez", which is 7. For example, the output will be:

String Indexing

We can use indexing to access individual characters in a string. With pseudocode this is done by using the substring method.
The first argument given as a parameter is the starting index, and the second argument is the number of characters to extract beginning from the index position.

string = "codefez"
print(string.substring(0))
print(string.substring(4,3))

The above code will output the first character of the string "codefez" and then the characters from index 4 to 6. For example, the output will be:

Substring, .left() and .right()

OCR pseudocode includes string methods for extracting part of a string.

word = "codefez"
print(word.substring(1, 3))
print(word.left(4))
print(word.right(3))

• substring(start, length) starts at an index and takes a number of characters.
• left(n) returns the first n characters.
• right(n) returns the last n characters.

Uppercase

The upper() method converts all letters in a string to uppercase.

name = "CodeFez"
print(name.upper())

Lowercase

The lower() method converts all letters in a string to lowercase.

name = "CodeFez"
print(name.lower())

ASC()

The ASC() function returns the ASCII value of a character.

print(ASC("A"))
print(ASC("a"))

CHR()

The CHR() function converts an ASCII value into its matching character.

print(CHR(65))
print(CHR(97))

for loops

We can use for loops to repeat a block of code a specific number of times.

This is known as a counter-controlled loop because we use it when we know the number of iterations in advance.

for i=1 to 5
    print(i)

The above code will repeat the print statement 5 times. For example, the output will be:

The variable i is called the loop counter. It is initialized to 1 and incremented by 1 each time the loop executes, taking on the values from 1 to 5 during the execution of the for loop.
It is also known as a local variable because it only exists within the scope of the loop. It cannot be accessed outside of the loop.

for loops

We can use a for loop to iterate over each character of a string.

string = "codefez"
for i=1 to string.length
    print(string[i])

The above code will repeat the print statement for each character in the string. For example, the output will be:

while loops

A while loop is condition-controlled. The condition is checked before each loop iteration.

while answer != "Correct"
    answer = input("New answer")
endwhile

This loop continues until the user inputs the string "Correct".

Key points:

• while ... endwhile defines the loop block.
• This is used when the number of repetitions is not known in advance.
• The condition is checked before entering the loop body each time.

do...until loops

A do-until loop is condition-controlled, but it checks the condition after the loop body runs.

do
    answer = input("New answer")
until answer == "Correct"

This loop continues until the user inputs the string "Correct".

Key points:

• do ... until ... defines the loop.
• This is useful when the loop must execute at least once.
• The condition is checked at the end of each iteration.

arrays: storing multiple items

An array is a data structure used to store more than one item under one variable name.

scores = [72, 68, 91, 84]
print(scores)

This keeps related values together in a single structure, which makes data easier to process.

• Use an array when you need to store many values of the same type.
• Items are stored in a fixed order.
• Each item can be accessed by its index position.

arrays: indexing items

Each item in an array has an index. The index is used to read or update one specific item.

scores = [72, 68, 91, 84]
print(scores[0])
scores[1] = 70
print(scores[1])

2D arrays

A 2D array stores data in rows and columns (an array of arrays).

seats = [["A1", "A2", "A3"],
         ["B1", "B2", "B3"]]

print(seats[1][2])

2D arrays are useful for grids, boards, timetables, and tables of values.

sub-routines: procedures

A procedure is a named block of code that performs a task. It does not return a value.

procedure showMenu()
    print("1. Play")
    print("2. Exit")
endprocedure

showMenu()

• Use a procedure to avoid repeating common steps.
• Call the procedure by its name.
• Procedures improve readability and structure.

sub-routines: functions

A function is a sub-routine that returns a value to the line of code that called it.

function doubleNumber(n)
    return n * 2
endfunction

result = doubleNumber(6)
print(result)

sub-routines: parameters

Parameters allow values to be passed into procedures or functions as arguments.

procedure greet(name, yearGroup)
    print("Hello " + name + " from Year " + yearGroup)
endprocedure

greet("Ava", "10")

• name and yearGroup are parameters.
• "Ava" and "10" are arguments.
• Arguments are matched to parameters by position.

sub-routines: global variables

By default, variables declared inside a subroutine are local — they only exist within that subroutine. Use the global keyword to access and modify a variable that was declared outside.

global score = 0

procedure addPoint()
    global score
    score = score + 1
endprocedure

addPoint()
print(score)

• global score = 0 declares score as a global variable.
• Inside the procedure, global score tells the subroutine to use the global version.
• Without the global keyword, score inside the procedure would be a separate local variable.

file handling: reading a file

To read data from a file, open the file, read from it, then close it when you are finished.

myFile = open("user.txt")
line = myFile.readLine()
print(line)
myFile.close()

• open() opens the file.
• readLine() reads the next line from the file.
• close() closes the file when finished.

file handling: writing to a file

We can write data to a file one line at a time using writeLine().

f = open("log.txt")
f.writeLine("Start")
f.writeLine("End")
f.close()

file handling: looping through a file

A common pattern is to loop through a file until the end is reached.

count = 0
file = open("data.txt")
while NOT file.endOfFile()
    line = file.readLine()
    count = count + 1
endwhile
file.close()
print(count)

• endOfFile() checks whether there is any data left to read.
• This pattern is useful for counting, searching, or processing every line.
• Close the file after the loop has finished.

Operators

We can use various operators to perform operations on variables.

print(5 + 3)   // Addition  

print(5 - 3)   // Subtraction 

print(5 * 3)   // Multiplication 

print(5 / 3)   // Division 

print(5 MOD 3)   // Modulus (result only returns remainder) 

print(5 DIV 3)   // Integer division (result without a remainder) 

print(5 ^ 3)   // Exponentiation (5 to the power of 3)

Comparison Operators

We use various operators to compare values.

print(5 == 3)   // Equal to  

print(5 != 3)   // Not equal to 

print(5 > 3)    // Greater than 

print(5 < 3)    // Less than 

print(5 >= 3)   // Greater than or equal to 

print(5 <= 3)   // Less than or equal to 

a= 5
b = 3
if a > 3 AND b < 4
    print(True)
else
    print(False)

Boolean Operators

We use various operators to perform boolean operations.

print(True AND False)  // --> False 

print(True OR False)   // --> True 

print(NOT True)        // --> False

a = 5
b = 3
print(a != b)  // True 

print(a > 2 AND b < 4)  // True AND True -> True 

print(a > 2 OR b > 4)   // True OR False -> True 

print(NOT (a > 2 AND b < 4))  // NOT (True AND True) -> NOT True -> False

If Statements

If statements allow us to execute code based on certain conditions.
We can use comparison operators to define these conditions. See Comparison Operators.

password = "c0d£f£z"
if len(password) < 8 then
    print("Password is less than 8 characters long.")
endif

If Statements 2

We can use boolean operators to combine multiple conditions in an if statement. See Boolean Operators.

age = 25
if age >= 18 AND age < 68 then
    print("You are of working age.")
else
    print("You are not of working age.")
endif

If Statements 3

We can use elseif statements to combine multiple conditions in an if statement.

age = 25
if age >= 18 AND age < 68 then
    print("You are of working age.")
elseif age >= 68 then
    print("You are of retirement age.")
else
    print("You are not of working age.")
endif

Case-Switch Selection

A case statement is used when one variable or expression can match several different fixed values.

grade = "B"

switch grade of
    "A": print("Excellent")
    "B": print("Good")
    "C": print("Pass")
    default: print("Keep trying")
endswitch

• Use switch ... of when checking one value against many options.
• Each branch runs only if its value matches.
• default is used if no other case matches.